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| Ancient India. source :wikimedia commons |
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| Chanakya( 350 -275 BCE), Indian Machiavelli,en.wikipedia.org |
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| Map showing Pāṭaliputra. wikiwand.com |
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| Aryabhata (5 -6th CE) Maths-Astronomy scholar. en.wikipedia.org |
Patliputra produced a galaxy of several eminent world class scholars whose contributions were helpful for the progress of science and technology in the later period. An interesting fact is the modern day Patna, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world and its history spans at least three millennia. Most populous city of East India after Kolkata, Patna has a unique distinction of being directly linked with two most ancient religions of the world, namely, Buddhism and Jainism. The city for many centuries was a silent spectator of the rise and fall of great empires of the Mauryas and the Guptas. It is believed that Pataliputra was the largest city in the ancient world between 300 and 195 BCE, like Alexandria, Egypt and succeeded by the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an).
Once ruled by the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, and also the Nawabs of Bengal, Patna witnessed numerous rebellions by the natives against the British who had cheated the Nawab of Bengal and took over the vast territory for the benefit of the British Crown and the East India company. In this region the East India company shamelessly indulged in wheeling and dealing to the dismay of the rulers and their subjects. Perhaps, it is the only city in the world that produced a group of luminaries in the ancient world, each one of them was a scholar in his own way.
Aryabhata: (Sanskrit: Aryabhata (476–550) was the first among the important mathematicians - astronomers in the classical age. His works include the Aryabhatīya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and the Arya-siddhanta.
His other noteworthy contributions are detailed explanation of lunar eclipse and solar eclipse, their occurrences, rotation of Earth on its axis, reflection of light by moon, sinusoidal functions, solution of single variable quadratic equation, value of π correct to 4 decimal places, circumference of Earth to 99.8% accuracy, calculation of the length of sidereal year.
Major works, etc. Aryabhatiya, Arya-Siddhanta. His major contribution was, he gave the approximation of Pi correct to four decimal places.
Aśvaghosa (c. 80 – c. 150 CE), an Indian philosopher- poet, born in Saketa in northern India to a Brahmin family, is believed to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist; he was adjudged as the greatest Indian poet. Prior to Kalidasa and Aśvaghoṣa much of Buddhist literature were composed in Buddhist 'Hybrid' Sanskrit, Aśvaghoṣa wrote in Classical Sanskrit. He was poet of repute and influential Buddhist writer.
Chanakya: Chanakya ( 350 – 275 BCE) was an Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and royal advisor. He is called the master of statecraft. He is quite familiar among the Indian politicians who have to sail through various political storms or scams almost daily - day in and day out. Also traditionally known as Kautilya or Vishnu Gupta, who wrote the most important ancient Indian political treatise, the ''Arthashastra'' (Economics) and his work laid the possible foundation for the development Classical Economics.
After a long stint as a teacher of Economics and Political science at the ancient University of Taxila, Chanakya administered the first Mauryan emperor with skill intelligence and was responsible for Chandragupta's rise to power at a young age. He was one the key founders of the Maurya Empire.
Arthashastra and Chanakya Niti, also known as Chanakya Neeti-shastra are his important works. The former discusses the essentials of economics, covering topic like monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and war strategies in detail. This great work outlines the important duties of a ruler right from administration of the empire to nuances of war strategies to be followed.
Chanakya Niti is a collection of aphorisms, said to be selected by Chanakya from the various Shastras. Some scholars believe that Arthashastra is actually a compilation of a number of earlier texts written by various authors, and Chanakya might have been one of these authors. The late PM Jawahar Lal Nehru described Chanakya as Indian Machiavellian—he was the guru of Chandragupta Maurya.
Panini: Panini (4th century BCE,) was a Vyakaranin from the early Mahajanapada era of ancient India. He was born in Pushkalavati, Gandhara (on the outskirts of modern-day Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). He is known for his extensive work in Sanskrit grammar, regarding formulation of the 3,959 rules governing Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics known as Astadhyayi, meaning "eight chapters"),- the earliest known treatise on linguistic description that defined Classical Sanskrit. It forms the basics of Vedanga, that deals with grammar and the Vedic religion.
There is a relationship between, it is believed, Panini's 3959 grammar rules of Sanskrit morphology and the Backus–Naur Form syntax used to describe modern computer programming languages.
Vatsyayana: Vatsyayana, a Hindu philosopher in the Vedic tradition, is believed to have lived around 2nd century CE in India. His is the the author of the internationally famous ancient text on Man-woman relationship - ''Kama Sutra''.
Being a religious person, he believed that his work on Kama Sutra was not a mere guide to satisfy the sensual pleasures of perverted mind. The text was prepared not in that context, for sex was not the main preoccupation of humans. The duty of a true ''Prusha'' - man goes beyond that. He must acquire the essence of life, in conjunction with preserving his Dharmic life (virtue or religious merit), his Artha (worldly wealth) and his Kama (pleasure or sensual gratification). A true mastery over his senses is more essential than anything else. An intelligent person, truly adhering to Dharma and Artha and also to Kama, without becoming a slave of his passions, will be successful in everything that he may do.
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