Cannons have added a new dimension to battles, making artillery power for both offensive and defensive operations. The invention of gunpowder—a mix of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), phosphorous, and charcoal—originated in China around the 9th or 10th century played a key role in the evolution and widespread use of cannons in warfare. With this invention came advancements in cannon casting techniques, as well as innovations in the design and construction of forged-welded iron and bronze cannons.
The extensive use of cannons as artillery by the Mughal rulers of Delhi established their dominance in the Indian subcontinent. Cannons became an integral part of Mughal fortifications and battle strategies, with artillery innovations including rockets and mines. The Mughals’ use of gunpowder technology and their powerful cannonry contributed significantly to their victories.
In India, cannons of remarkable design were produced even before the 15th century. Among these, the cannons of Daulatabad Fort, also known as Devagiri, in Maharashtra stand out. Built in the 14th century, the fort housed 288 heavy cannons known for their long-range capabilities and effective firepower. Over centuries, this fort was ruled by various dynasties, each contributing to its history. The fort’s cannons, made from different metals like iron, cast iron, and bronze, reflect the advanced metallurgy of the time.
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| Mendha cannon, Daulatabad, MH Dreamline.com |
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| "Mendha" Tope, Daulatabad, MH |
Daulatabad Fort has attracted researchers and historians for its large collection of cannons, which include the Mendha Tope, the Kala Pahad Cannon, and the Durga Cannon. These cannons are of various sizes, weights, and compositions, with some featuring bimetallic designs combining bronze or copper barrels with iron sleeves. The fort, perched on a 200-meter-tall conical hill, was originally built in 1187 by Billama, the first ruler of the Yadava Dynasty. Over time, it came under the control of different rulers, including Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate, who captured the fort in 1308, and later the Mughals under Aurangzeb.
Daulatabad Fort’s cannons are a testament to the advancements in medieval artillery technology, particularly in the Deccan region of India. These powerful weapons played a crucial role in shaping the history of the fort and the dynasties that controlled it. Today, the Mendha Tope and other cannons at Daulatabad continue to fascinate visitors and scholars alike, offering a glimpse into the ingenuity and craftsmanship of the past.
.These powerful artillery pieces, combined with advances in gunpowder technology, became integral to both offensive and defensive military strategies. Here is a detailed exploration of the historical significance and technological marvels of the Mendha Tope cannon and the Daulatabad Fort.
Historical Background of Daulatabad For Built in 1187 CE by the Yadava ruler Billama, this fort is a testament to medieval Indian military architecture. Over the centuries, it came under the rule of various dynasties, including the Khaljis, Tughlaqs, and the Mughals.
Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor, installed several cannons here to bolster its defenses.
Mendha Tope: A Marvel of Cannon Technology Name Origin: The cannon derives its name from the Marathi word Mendha (ram), owing to the ram’s head design on its rear. Tope translates to cannon.
Specifications: Weight: Approximately 14 tons Length: 5.3 meters. Caliber: 20 cm. Range: Capable of firing projectiles up to 9 kilometers.
Material: Cast in bronze, designed to withstand high heat during use.
Design Innovations: The ram’s head at the rear adds a distinctive aesthetic and functional aspect.
A shock-absorbing mechanism reflects the advanced metallurgical and engineering skills of the time.
Rotational capability of 180 degrees allowed for flexible targeting, making it a strategic asset in defending the fort.
Inscriptions: Engraved with the name of Aurangzeb o(Abul Zafar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir) as a mark of ownership. The artisan’s name, Muhammad Hussain, is also inscribed, showcasing the importance of craftsmanship. Quranic verses are inscribed near its muzzle, indicating the intertwining of faith and warfare.
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| cannons of Daulatabad Fort researchgate.net |
Above image: various cannons at Daulatabad are: (a) cast bronze cannon of European origin and Indian (b) bronze and (c) iron guns. There are also bimetallic cannons with bronze/copper barrel and inner iron sleeve: (d)-(f). Examples of such bimetallic guns: (d) unmarked gun in front of the museum, (e) Shri Durga cannon (placed on a platform on top of Daulatabad hills), (f) Mendha cannon (on an elevated/circular platform between Chini Mahal and Rang Mahal). (d) inner iron sleeve, with names inscribed in Sanskrit (Devnagri) and Persian, respectively, on (e) Shri Durga and (f) Mendha
